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There are various regional Southern Italy autonomist movements, covering the political spectrum from socialist to Bourbon monarchist. Since the fall of the Roman Empire, Southern Italy often experienced distinct historical developments when compared to Northern Italy. As a result, it has developed distinctive cultures and identities that persist to this day. After the Kingdom of Italy took control of the south in 1861, as well as the rest of Italy apart from present day Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which were annexed later, it took many years before resistance died down and central authority was established. During World War II there were fresh attempts by Sicilians to achieve independence. Political groups continue to advocate greater autonomy, or sometimes even independence, for southern Italy, although the demand for autonomy or independence, with the exception of the island of Sardinia,〔(L'indipendenza delle regioni - Demos & Pi )〕〔(Focus: La questione identitaria e indipendentista in Sardegna - UniCa, Ilenia Ruggiu )〕 is now weaker in the South than in the North. This page does not include Sardinia nor its own nationalist movement, being grounded on different historical and cultural reasons and backgrounds. ==Historical background== After the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Italy and Sicily came under the control of successive Germanic invaders such as the Ostrogoths,〔Edward Gibbon, ''History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' Vol. IV, Chapters (41 ) & (43 )〕 Lombards and Franks. However, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire continued to retain strong links with Venice, the south of Italy and Sicily. For long periods the southern territories were under Greek Byzantine control. Following the expansion of Islam, Sicily (as with Spain) was progressively conquered by the Arabs from the mid-9th to the mid-10th centuries, and Arab advances were introduced to Europe. In the 11th century Norman invaders took control of southern Italy, captured Messina in 1061, and after extended maneuvers and sporadic fighting took Syracuse in 1086. The Normans adapted to the sophisticated oriental culture of the island, which for a while was the wealthiest country in Europe and the main channel for bringing advanced eastern knowledge and ideas to western Europe.〔 〕 Various dynastic changes occurred in the ensuing centuries, with Sicily and Naples coming under control of the Swabian Hohenstaufen Dynasty, then the French Angevin Dynasty. In 1282 Peter III of Aragon, son-in-law of the last Hohenstaufen king, gained control of Sicily although the Angevins retained control of the Kingdom of Naples. In 1442 King Alfonso V of Aragon reunified the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. For most of its existence, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies was ruled directly by Aragon, then by Spain, or was a kingdom subordinate to Spain. In 1713 Spain and both Sicilies passed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, who founded the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon. Apart from a short period of Napoleonic rule between 1805 and 1815, the kingdom was ruled by Bourbon princes until 1861 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy after the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. As a result of its colourful history and geography, Sicily has developed some distinctive qualities. Compared to the other regions of Italy, cultural similarities to the Greeks, Spaniards and Eastern Mediterranean people are more obvious. Unlike much of the other Italian regions, Sicilian cuisine has strong Greek, Arab and Spanish influences〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A History of Sicilian Cuisine )〕 and is more typical of the Mediterranean diet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Southern Italy autonomist movements」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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